Amsterdam Canals

Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Amsterdam Canals

The Amsterdam canals are one of the most iconic features of the Dutch capital, drawing millions of visitors each year. But beyond their picturesque beauty lies a fascinating story of engineering, urban planning, and daily life on the water. Here, we answer the most frequently asked questions about the canals — from their history and depth to the fish that swim beneath the surface.

When were the canals created?

The main canal belt, known as the Grachtengordel, was built during the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century. Construction began around 1612 as part of a massive city expansion to accommodate Amsterdam’s rapid growth.

Why were the canals created?

The canals served multiple purposes:

1. Defense – acting as a protective moat around the city.

2. Transport – facilitating trade and goods movement.

3. Water management – helping to drain and control the swampy land.

Essentially, Amsterdam is a city built on water, and its canal system was key to transforming marshland into a livable, prosperous urban space.

How deep are the canals in Amsterdam?

The average depth of Amsterdam’s canals is 2.6 meters (about 8.5 feet). The depth can vary depending on the canal and the area, but most are deep enough for navigation by boats and barges.

Is the water in the canals clean?

Yes — at least by urban standards. Thanks to modern water management systems, the canals are regularly flushed and filtered, making them much cleaner than they used to be. While not drinking-water quality, the water is safe for boating and even swimming in designated areas during events like the Amsterdam City Swim.

Is the water fresh or salty?

The canals contain primarily fresh water, though some areas can have brackish water due to tidal influences or proximity to the IJ (the former Zuiderzee). The fresh water flows in from the River Amstel and is managed by a network of locks and pumping stations.

Why does the canal water look dark?

The dark color comes from the peaty soil underneath the city and organic material in the water. It doesn’t necessarily indicate pollution — the canals are regularly cleaned and filtered.

Are the canals man-made?

Yes, Amsterdam’s canals are entirely man-made. The city was built on reclaimed marshland and expanded through an intricate network of dug-out canals and wooden foundations.

Are there fish in the canals?

Absolutely! The canals support a surprising variety of aquatic life. Common fish species include:

• Eel

• Pike

• Perch

• Roach

• Zander

You’ll often see local anglers fishing from bridges or the canal sides, especially in quieter neighborhoods.

What kind of plants grow in or around the canals?

Along the canal edges, you’ll find reeds, water lilies, duckweed, and various aquatic grasses. Green algae also grow underwater. While the plant life is less abundant in the city center, it becomes richer toward the outskirts and quieter canals.

Can you swim in the Amsterdam canals?

Swimming is not allowed in most areas due to boat traffic and safety concerns, but it’s permitted during special events like the Amsterdam City Swim. In summer, some locals do take a dip in quieter, less trafficked parts — but always at their own risk.

Can you skate on the canals?

Only when it’s cold enough! Ice skating on the canals is a beloved Dutch tradition, but it requires a sustained period of freezing temperatures. In recent years, the canals rarely freeze thick enough, but when they do, locals flock to the ice with skates in hand.

Is it true that bikes fall into the canals?

Yes — and in large numbers! It’s estimated that between 12,000 and 15,000 bikes are pulled out of the canals each year. Most fall in accidentally, though some are tossed in for fun or mischief. The city performs regular cleanups with special cranes and boats.

Do people ever fall into the canals?

Yes, especially after a night out. Most people are quickly rescued, and incidents are usually harmless. Still, with narrow sidewalks and open canal edges, it’s wise to watch your step — especially after dark!

How many houseboats are there?

Amsterdam is home to around 2,500 registered houseboats. These floating homes range from charming converted barges to ultra-modern water villas and are a beloved part of the cityscape.

How many canal houses are there?

There are thousands of canal houses, many dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries. These narrow, tall homes were built with ornate facades and large windows, often by wealthy merchants. Each canal house is unique and tells a piece of Amsterdam’s history.

Why is the Jordaan neighborhood different?

Originally a working-class district built in the 17th century, the Jordaan has narrower canals and streets than the main canal belt. It’s more intimate, with hidden courtyards, art studios, and local cafes. Today, it’s one of the city’s most charming and sought-after neighborhoods.

Did they ever close any canals?

Yes. Over the centuries, several canals were filled in to create space for roads and development. This happened mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when cars began replacing boats as the main form of transport.

How is the water in the canals managed?

The water in the Amsterdam canals is actively managed by pumps, locks, and sluices operated by Waternet, the city’s water authority. Fresh water is pumped in via the Amstel River, and excess or polluted water is flushed out. The entire system ensures the canals remain clean, navigable, and flood-free.

Final Thoughts

The Amsterdam canals are more than just a beautiful backdrop — they’re a living, breathing part of the city’s past, present, and future. From their carefully engineered origins to their rich biodiversity, these waterways continue to define life in Amsterdam. Whether you’re taking a private boat tour, snapping photos from a bridge, or simply walking along their edges, there’s always more to discover beneath the surface.